GAM example
Calculate OR for specific increment step of continuous variable
To calculate specific increment steps of fit_gam, we take predictor x2 (randomly chosen) and specify for which values we want to calculate the odds ratio.
We can see that the odds of response y happening are 22 times higher when predictor x2 increases from 0.099 to 0.198 while holding all other predictors constant.
or_gam(data = data_gam, model = fit_gam, pred = "x2",
values = c(0.099, 0.198))
#> predictor value1 value2 oddsratio CI_low (2.5%) CI_high (97.5%)
#> 1 x2 0.099 0.198 23.32353 23.30424 23.34283Usually, this calculation is done by setting all predictors to their mean value, predict the response, change the desired predictor to a new value and predict the response again. These actions results in two log odds values, respectively, which are transformed into odds by exponentiating them. Finally, the odds ratio can be calculated from these two odds values.
Calculate OR for level change of indicator variable
If the predictor is an indicator variable, i.e. consists of fixed levels, you can use the function in the same way by just putting in the respective levels you are interested in:
or_gam(data = data_gam, model = fit_gam,
pred = "x4", values = c("A", "B"))
#> predictor value1 value2 oddsratio CI_low (2.5%) CI_high (97.5%)
#> 1 x4 A B 1.377537 1.334837 1.421604Here, the change in odds of y happening if predictor x4 is changing from level A to B is rather small. In detail, an increase in odds of 37.8% is reported.
Calculate ORs for percentage increments of predictor distribution
To get an impression of odds ratio behaviour throughout the complete range of the smoothing function of the fitted GAM model, you can calculate odds ratios based on percentage breaks of the predictors distribution.
Here we slice predictor x2 into 5 parts by taking the predictor values of every 20% increment step.
or_gam(data = data_gam, model = fit_gam, pred = "x2",
percentage = 20, slice = TRUE)
#> predictor value1 value2 perc1 perc2 oddsratio CI_low (2.5%)
#> 1 x2 0.001 0.200 0 20 2510.77 1091.68
#> 2 x2 0.200 0.400 20 40 0.03 0.03
#> 3 x2 0.400 0.599 40 60 0.58 0.56
#> 4 x2 0.599 0.799 60 80 0.06 0.06
#> 5 x2 0.799 0.998 80 100 0.41 0.75
#> CI_high (97.5%)
#> 1 5774.53
#> 2 0.03
#> 3 0.60
#> 4 0.06
#> 5 0.22We can see that there is a high odds ratio reported when increasing predictor x2 from 0.008 to 0.206 while all further predictor increases decrease the odds of response y happening substantially.
Plot GAM(M) smoothing functions
Right now, the only (quick) possibility to plot the smoothing functions of a GAM(M) was to use the base plot() function. The fiddly work to do the same using the ggplot2 plotting system is done by plot_gam():
You can further customize the look using other colors or linetypes.
Add odds ratio information into smoothing function plot
So now, we have the odds ratios and we have a plot of the smoothing function. Why not combine both? We can do so using insert_or(). Its main arguments are (i) a ggplot plotting object containing the smooth function and a data frame returned from or_gam() containing information about the predictor and the respective values we want to insert.
plot_object <- plot_gam(fit_gam, pred = "x2", title = "Predictor 'x2'")
or_object <- or_gam(data = data_gam, model = fit_gam,
pred = "x2", values = c(0.099, 0.198))
plot <- insert_or(plot_object, or_object, or_yloc = 3,
values_xloc = 0.05, arrow_length = 0.02,
arrow_col = "red")
plot
The odds ratio information is always centered between the two vertical lines. Hence it only looks nice if the gap between the two chosen values (here 0.099 and 0.198) is large enough. If the smoothing line crosses your inserted text, you can just correct it adjusting or_yloc. This param sets the y-location of the inserted odds ratio information.
Depending on the digits of your chosen values (here 3), you might also need to adjust the x-axis location of the two values so that they do not interfer with the vertical line.
Let’s do all this by inserting another odds ratio into this plot! This time we simply take the already produced plot as an input to insert_or() and use a new odds ratio object:
or_object2 <- or_gam(data = data_gam, model = fit_gam,
pred = "x2", values = c(0.4, 0.6))
insert_or(plot, or_object2, or_yloc = 2.1, values_yloc = 2,
line_col = "green4", text_col = "black",
rect_col = "green4", rect_alpha = 0.2,
line_alpha = 1, line_type = "dashed",
arrow_xloc_r = 0.01, arrow_xloc_l = -0.01,
arrow_length = 0.02, rect = TRUE) 
Using rect = TRUE, you can additionally highlight certain odds ratio intervals. Aesthetics like opacity or color are fully customizable.