problem-1.17

problem-1.17  Enter in the data as follows:
> x = c(0.57, 0.89, 1.08, 1.12, 1.18, 1.07, 1.17, 1.38, 1.441, 1.72)

Using diff() gives
> diff(x)
[1]  0.320  0.190  0.040  0.060 -0.110  0.100  0.210  0.061
[9]  0.279

So the jump between 1994 and 1995 was negative. The percentage difference is found by dividing by x[-10] and multiplying by 100. (Recall that x[-10] is all but the tenth (10th) number of x). The first year's jump was the largest.
> diff(x)/x[-10] * 100
[1] 56.140 21.348  3.704  5.357 -9.322  9.346 17.949  4.420
[9] 19.362