bp

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bp: Blood Pressure Analysis for R

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide with Hypertension, specifically, affecting over 1.1 billion people annually. The goal of the package is to provide a comprehensive toolbox for analyzing blood pressure (BP) data using a variety of statistical metrics and visualizations to bring more clarity to CVD.

Installation

You can install the released version of bp from CRAN with:

install.packages("bp")

You can install the development version from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("johnschwenck/bp")

For installation with vignettes:

devtools::install_github("johnschwenck/bp", build_vignettes = TRUE)

Sample Data

The package includes six sample data sets:

Intended Functionality

The bp package is designed to allow the user to initialize a processed dataframe through the process_data function by specifying any combination of the following variables present in the user-supplied data set (with the minimum requirement that SBP and DBP are included). The package will then utilize the processed dataframe to calculate various metrics from medical and statistical literature and provide visualizations. Perhaps the most useful user-friendly feature of the package is the ability to generate a visualization report to discern relationships and assess blood pressure stage progression among subjects.

The package has the ability to make use of the following physiological variables (expressed as integers):

There are also processing functionality for arterial pressure (AP) data which include the following inputs: * A column corresponding to the AP data (AP) * Time elapsed (time_elap)

Furthermore, there are a suite of processing capabilities within the process_data function such as:

After all available variables are identified and processed, the resulting processed dataframe is used for all other functions.

Unique to the bp package is the ability to create additional columns that might not originally be present in the supplied data set. At current, the following additional columns will be created:

See examples below for further details.

Available Metrics

The package will then utilize the above variables to calculate various metrics from medical and statistical literature in order to quantify and classify the variability of the readings into their respective categories of hypertension (normal, elevated, or hypertensive).

The following metrics are currently offered through the bp package:

Function Metric Name Source
bp_arv Average Real Variability Mena et al (2005)
bp_center Mean and Median Amaro Lijarcio et al (2006)
bp_cv Coefficient of Variation Munter et al (2011)
bp_mag Blood Pressure Magnitude (peak and trough) Munter et al (2011)
bp_range Blood Pressure Range Levitan et al (2013)
bp_sv Successive Variation Munter et al (2011)
bp_sleep_metrics Blood Pressure Sleep Metrics (Multiple - see documentation)
bp_stages Blood Pressure Stages Classification American Heart Association
bp_stats Aggregation of statistical summaries N/A
dip_calc Nocturnal Dipping % and Classification Okhubo et al (1997)

The following visualization functions are currently offered through the bp package:

Function Visualization Type
bp_scatter Scatter plot of BP stages
bp_ts_plots Time series plots
bp_hist Histograms of BP stages
dip_class_plot Dipping % category plot
bp_report Exportable report of BP summary

Example - HYPNOS data

There are two main steps involved with the bp package: The data processing step and the functionality / analysis step.

  1. Load and process data into a new usable dataframe for all further analysis using the process_data function
#devtools::install_github("johnschwenck/bp")
library(bp)

## Load bp_hypnos
data(bp_hypnos)

## Process bp_hypnos
hypnos_proc <- process_data(bp_hypnos, 
                     sbp = 'syst', 
                     dbp = 'diast', 
                     date_time = 'date.time', 
                     hr = 'hr', 
                     pp = 'PP', 
                     map = 'MaP', 
                     rpp = 'Rpp', 
                     id = 'id', 
                     visit = 'Visit', 
                     wake = 'wake')
#> 2 values exceeded the DUL or DLL thresholds and were coerced to NA

NOTE: the process_data function is insensitive to capitalization of the supplied data column names. For this example, even though the original column name “SYST” exists in the bp_hypnos, “syst” is still an acceptable name to be given to the function as shown. For emphasis, all of the above column names were intentionally entered using the wrong capitalization.

SBP and DBP must be specified for any other functions to work properly.

  1. Using the newly processed hypnos_proc, we can now calculate various metrics. Now that the included raw bp_hypnos dataset has been processed into hypnos_proc, we can now instead rely on this new dataframe to calculate various metrics and visualizations. The calculation of the nocturnal dipping classification is shown below, using a subset of only two of the subjects for comparison (subjects 70417 and 70435):
dip_calc(hypnos_proc, subj = c(70417, 70435))
#> [[1]]
#> # A tibble: 8 x 6
#> # Groups:   ID, VISIT [4]
#>   ID    VISIT WAKE  avg_SBP avg_DBP     N
#>   <fct> <fct> <fct>   <dbl>   <dbl> <int>
#> 1 70417 1     0        123.    60.5    10
#> 2 70417 1     1        128     66.6    20
#> 3 70417 2     0        136.    60.5     8
#> 4 70417 2     1        136.    65.6    17
#> 5 70435 1     0        106.    63       6
#> 6 70435 1     1        129.    82.1    23
#> 7 70435 2     0        136.    79.2     9
#> 8 70435 2     1        123.    72.5    20
#> 
#> [[2]]
#> # A tibble: 4 x 6
#> # Groups:   ID [2]
#>   ID    VISIT  dip_sys class_sys  dip_dias class_dias
#>   <fct> <fct>    <dbl> <chr>         <dbl> <chr>     
#> 1 70417 1      0.0359  non-dipper   0.0916 non-dipper
#> 2 70417 2     -0.00450 reverse      0.0784 non-dipper
#> 3 70435 1      0.179   dipper       0.233  extreme   
#> 4 70435 2     -0.104   reverse     -0.0927 reverse

In terms of statistical metrics, the bp_stats function aggregates many of the variability and center metrics into one table which makes comparing the different measures to one another very convenient. Let’s suppose for this example that we wanted to further analyze these two subjects by their BP_CLASS: we would include add_groups = "BP_CLASS" as an additional argument (note that capitalization does not matter).

bp_stats(hypnos_proc, subj = c(70417, 70435), add_groups = "bp_class", bp_type = 1)
#> # A tibble: 35 x 16
#> # Groups:   ID, VISIT, WAKE [8]
#>    ID        N VISIT WAKE  BP_CLASS SBP_mean SBP_med    SD   ARV    SV    CV
#>    <fct> <int> <fct> <fct> <ord>       <dbl>   <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#>  1 70417     5 1     0     Normal       114.     114  3.51  3.5   4.74 3.07 
#>  2 70417     3 1     0     Elevated     125.     125  1.53  1.5   1.58 1.22 
#>  3 70417     2 1     0     ISH - S2     143      143  2.83  4     4    1.98 
#>  4 70417     3 1     1     Normal       116.     118  4.04  3.5   4.95 3.49 
#>  5 70417     9 1     1     Elevated     125.     124  2.54  3.25  3.71 2.03 
#>  6 70417     6 1     1     ISH - S1     134.     133  2.42  2.4   2.83 1.81 
#>  7 70417     2 1     1     ISH - S2     144      144  1.41  2     2    0.982
#>  8 70417     3 2     0     Elevated     124      122  4.36  4     5    3.52 
#>  9 70417     2 2     0     ISH - S1     133      133  1.41  2     2    1.06 
#> 10 70417     3 2     0     ISH - S2     151      151  0     0     0    0    
#> # ... with 25 more rows, and 5 more variables: SBP_max <dbl>, SBP_min <dbl>,
#> #   SBP_range <dbl>, Peak <dbl>, Trough <dbl>

Here is an example of the bp_scatter function for subject 70417:

bp_scatter(hypnos_proc, subj = 70417)